Accounting Regulation and Financial Development

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Regulation and Financial Development. Answer: Introduction: Caltex Australia Limited is engaged in foreign currency transactions. In accordance with the annual report of the company, the company had net foreign exchange loss of $26million which shows that company had incurred several transactions in foreign currency (Annual report of Caltex, 2016). Study of annual report shows that Caltex is exposed to the impact of exchange rates on transactions related to refinery margin, crude and product payables and capital expenditure. For an accounting of transactions, management of Caltex had complied with Australian Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards. For hedging and future contracts AASB 9 Financial Instruments has been followed. The company had followed all necessary standards for preparations of financial statements in order to show a true and fair view of financial position (Akisik, 2013). Foreign subsidiary companies Foreign subsidiaries of Caltex is Ampol Singapore. It is a wholly owned subsidiary assisting Caltex in product sourcing requirements. The major role of this subsidiary is the management of sourcing of transportation of fuels product supplies and associated shipping to Australia.The statistics provided to the management of Caltex has been accustomed in order to align it with the new business model. The Group concludes and represents operating segments by considering the information provided by the Groups chief operating decision maker, and same has been summarised in the annual report. Comparative information has been restated by considering transactions of consolidation (Annual report of Caltex, 2016). Accounting for consolidation has been done by considering norms of AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements and AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements (Parker, 2013). Other relevant matter to be provided by board of directors in annual report By considering the analysis of the annual report, the company should provide more appropriate disclosure of accounting policies followed by them in order to justify transaction (Annual report of Caltex, 2016). It is because; presently company had merely described transaction not accounting policies followed in it. In accordance with the study of Rahman (2013), companies have an obligation to disclose accounting standards in a proper manner to provide better under stability to users. Furthermore, the company had provided only consolidated financial statement, but they had not provided individual financial statements in order to show financial position in a better manner (Yu and Wahid, 2014). Although, it is an optional requirement, but it provides better viewpoint to stakeholders to understand the financial position of the company. Directors of the company are also required to incorporate their future plans and business strategies in order to show their future potential for earning higher profits. It is because; the present company has only added their current plans, strategies and technologies used by them for operational activities (Akisik, 2013). However, there is little information about their future opportunities. Due to this factor, the investor will not be able to analyse the potential of the company in providing returns and viable decisions cannot be made by them. By adding above describe information, Caltex Australia Limited will be able to provide better presentation of financial position to assist stakeholders in the process of making rational decisions. References Rahman, A.R., 2013. The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge. Yu, G. and Wahid, A.S., 2014. Accounting standards and international portfolio holdings. The Accounting Review. 89(5). Pp.1895-1930. Parker, R.H., 2013. Accounting in Australia (RLE Accounting): Historical Essays (Vol. 58). Routledge. Akisik, O., 2013. Accounting regulation, financial development, and economic growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 49(1). Pp.33-67. Annual report of Caltex. 2016. [Online]. Available through https://www.caltex.com.au/our-company/investor-centre/annual-reports-and-reviews . [Accessed on 8th January 2016].

Nez Perce Essays - Nez Perce National Historical Park,

Nez Perce The Nez Perce are located in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. The dress of both sexes was plain style, with the single exception of the fez-shaped basket-hats of the women. The usual material for clothing was deerskin, but the dresses of women were frequently of mountain-sheep skin. Houses were mat-covered lodges of the tipi form, or more commonly a development of this type in which material of several or many of these circular lodges were used to build a lodge, wedge-shaped communal structure. When studied as a part of the North American Indian's conflict with civilization, is convincing that there was absolutely no course, policy, or conduct. The inert, unorganized Indians of southern California were literally crowded from the earth. The fact that they, with their pacific disposition, made no resistance, has no effect on the settler, nor did it cause the Government to reach to them a helping hand in appreciation of their good behavior. They suffered through good conduct. The warlike, haughty tribes of the plains stood the imposition as long as they could, and then their long-smoldering resentment broke into flame and they struck back as only Indians can, and they suffered through their hostility. The Nez Perces, a mentally superior people, was friendly from their first contact with white men, and as a tribe they always desired to be so. Their history since 1855, and particularly the war of 1877, tells how they were repaid for their loyalty to the white brother. The Nez Perces were primarily a fish eating people living in established villages, but they also depended largely on the many varieties of roots which were so abundant in their region. It is likely that they went to buffalo country also for food, previous to their acquisition of horses, and even after that event but a small part of the tribe engaged in these hunting expeditions. The Nez Perces were a loosely associated group of local bands, each possessing its own territory and own chief. It is true that they had a collective name for these bands, and that there were occasions when perhaps the greater part were in one camp, as at the camps meadows or during fall fishing in the Wallowa and the Salmon. Nevertheless there was in reality no tribal organization. The bands were kindred, spoke the same language, and associated for mutual defense, but they remained distinct. The Nez Perce began his preparations for spiritual obtainment almost in infancy. The child, either boy or girl, when less than ten years of age was told by the father or the mother that it was time to have "tiwatitmas"-spiritual power. A mere infant starting out alone into the fastness of the mountain wilds, to commune with the spirits of the infinite, a tiny child sitting through the night on a lonely mountain, reaching out its infant's hands to God. The Nez Perce is French for pierced nose. The name Nez Perce was given by some French Explorers. There are about 3,100 people in the Nez Perce tribe. The women of the tribe cooked, raised the children and started fires the children helped gather food and the men hunted.

Writing a Wildlife Conservation Essay Topic

Writing a Wildlife Conservation Essay TopicWildlife conservation essay topics are not only diverse but also very educational. Many wildlife-related schools across the country choose to use wildlife conservation topics as an essential part of their academic curriculum. A good example of a conservation essay topic is to write about a particularly tragic event that took place in Africa that shows the necessity of conserving the endangered animals. We often hear about the efforts of an individual or group trying to save these magnificent animals from being taken away from the wild by man.Often, these animals will be taken into captivity and then given a proper location for them to live. There may also be ways to help ensure that the animals are given all the nutrients they need to survive. Conservation on such an event can educate readers on the importance of their participation in saving these animals' future and just how important the proper care of their pets can be. Other topics coul d be to write about the benefits that have come about from poaching as well as some of the dangers of allowing this to occur in the first place.If you've been involved with the local wildlife organizations in your community, you might be able to see some of the changes which have occurred since you first joined them. You could write about the conservation aspect of these groups, which has helped to conserve the environment and ensure that the animals will always be there. You can also include information regarding the organizations that help to educate the public about this type of conservation.Knowing more about conservation is important if you want to make a difference and save the world from destruction. It is also important to know the history behind the cause which can help educate readers on why it is important to preserve the environment. Some websites can give the reader knowledge of how they can help protect the environment by contributing their time to a conservation proje ct. It is also important to note that such an education can be obtained through educational parks and schools.Having one's knowledge in this area is essential way to show others that he or she is interested in the conservation efforts. You could write about the various organizations that are working to provide education and awareness for this type of conservation effort. They could also provide places where you can volunteer to help with these endeavors. For example, a local school could require you to read books and spread awareness for these efforts.Often, people everywhere are looking for solutions and help to do something to help preserve the environment and learn to care for wildlife and animals in their lives. It can be a great way to teach people the importance of caring for nature. With this type of education and awareness, you can empower people to do their part to save the earth for future generations.It is quite evident that the species extinction rate is at an all-time h igh. Conservation and educating the public about the need to preserve the environment is critical. Even the people who were once living in the wilderness are now needing the help of conservationist groups to help care for their animals and help slow the rate of species extinction rate.These days, there are many schools around the country that are using wildlife conservation essay topics as part of their academic curriculum. They not only help to bring about awareness of the problems of animal overpopulation and habitat loss, but also to inform students of how their involvement can help to achieve conservation. With this in mind, it is important to look for educational opportunities in order to achieve the level of awareness necessary for this type of effort.

10 Facts for a Research Project on Cell Biology

10 Facts for a Research Project on Cell Biology Sometimes, understanding the history tied to certain subject matters you intend to write an essay about, gets you done with half of your task and cell biology belongs exactly to this category. Therefore we shall explore cell biology and its history, which you can employ when writing your research paper. Like most disciplines, the field of cell biology was defined by Greek scholars in ancient Greece. It was established from the Greek word KUTOC, as a branch of biology that studies the different structures and functions of the cell with special emphasis on the cell being the basic unit of life. This article alongside two others will be focused on providing you with all the information you need to start writing an excellent research paper on cell biology. 10 Interesting Facts on Cell Biology for Your Research Paper: All cells are not equal. The fact that cells are the basic units of life does not automatically mean all cells are equal. Although scientific research shows that all cells share certain similarities such as the ability to eat, grow and move, they are also unique in diverse ways. Cells differ in size, function and living arrangement- some are self-sustaining while others are part of a complex multicellular organism. Cell membranes form the boundary between its internals and the external environment. Just like the human skin acts as the boundary between the human body and its external environment, cell membranes do the exact same thing. Cell membranes are based on a framework of fat-based molecules known as phospholipids. Their main function is gate-keeping. This involves preventing hydrophilic substances- elements that love water- from leaving or entering the cell. Cell genetic codes are expressed through nucleic acids. The two major types of nucleic acids charged with this responsibility are the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These nucleic acids work hand by hand to build and manage the cell functions. The DNA is the molecule that contains the information a cell needs to function while the RNA serves as the conduit which transports this message to areas where they are expressed. It is also important to note that other proteins/amino acids are also charged with the responsibility of cell expressions. Cells contain structures designed to carry out specific tasks. These structures are called organelles, and they are responsible for the separate functions a cell needs to perform to stay alive. While eukaryotic cells contain a diverse range of organelles, prokaryotic have just a few. The organelles in prokaryotic cells include: nucleus for growth and reproduction, mitochondria for energy, golgi complex as a manufacturing and storing organelle and endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes carbohydrates, and fat. Eukaryotic cells basically make use of ribosomes to synthesize proteins and lysosomes to digest macromolecules. Cells are differentiated and categorized by their genetic materials. As stated earlier, there are different types of cells. Scientists make use of a categorization system that focuses on the packaging of their genetic materials. Cells that have their DNA separated or partitioned from their cytoplasm are categorized as eukaryotes while others with DNAs not partitioned off their cytoplasm are known as prokaryotic. Also, all known prokaryotes e.g. bacteria are generally single cells while eukaryotes such as Amoeba are usually single-entities living freely in their own environment. Cells generate energy from sunlight and food molecules. Like all living organisms, cells need energy to survive and they get that energy from the environment they live in. Biological research has shown that the major source from which cells get energy is the sun. Almost all living cells- bacteria, algae, plant cells etc.- harness solar energy to meet their everyday needs, grow and reproduce. Cells also take in food molecules such as sugar and fats through the membrane to generate the energy needed to function. Cells use specific pathways to turn nutrients into usable energy. The specific pathway used by cells to develop usable energy largely depends on the type of the cell. Studies have shown that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells apply different pathways. Eukaryotic cells make use of some major processes which include: glycolysis- the splitting of sugar- and oxidative phosphorylation, which involves an electron transport chain. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, make use of oxidation which involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another through chemical reactions. Cells also store energy in reserves. When there is an abundant supply of energy, eukaryotic cells tend to store energy for future use. To get this done, these cells automatically create energy-rich molecules to store the excessive energy. These reservoirs are of course held in the cell and can be called upon when needed. In situations of plenty, these reservoirs can get large enough to be viewed separately under a microscope. Cells have varying life spans. Another factor which differentiates cells from one another is their life spans. These life spans can fluctuate between a few days to a couple of years. Using cells in the human body as case study: cells in the digestive tract may live for just a few days, those situated in the immune system may live for months, while cells in pancreas can live for a year or even more. Simple cells such as amoeba and algae that live in their own habitat without a host also exhibit fluctuating life spans. Cells also commit suicide. Cells go through the process known as apoptosis when they are either damaged or infected. This process involves a sequence of steps which starts with the cell sending self-termination signals to its nucleus. The process of apoptosis is done to protect the body as well as keep the natural process of cell division occurring without difficulties. Lastly, cells that do not go through the natural process of apoptosis when damaged can be cancerous. Here we come to the end of today’s interesting facts about the field of cell biology. To learn more about writing a research project on it, why not read the other articles in this series covering 20 cell biology research project topics and how to write a good research project on cell biology. References: Jungck, J. (2013). Genesis of What Is Life?: A Paradigm Shift in Genetics History. Cell Biology Education, 12(2), pp.151-152. Cameron, L. (2013). International Institute for Collaborative Cell Biology and BiochemistryHistory and Memoirs from an International Network for Biological Sciences. Cell Biology Education, 12(3), pp.339-344. Chamany, K., Allen, D. and Tanner, K. (2008). Making Biology Learning Relevant to Students: Integrating People, History, and Context into College Biology Teaching. Edelmann, L. (2002). Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level: The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology (review). Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 45(4), pp.628-631. Bechtel, W. and Abrahamsen, A. (2006). In Search of Mitochondrial Mechanisms: Interfield Excursions between Cell Biology and Biochemistry. Journal of the History of Biology. Steinberg, G. (2015). Cell biology of Zymoseptoria tritici: Pathogen Cell Organization and Wheat Infection. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 79, pp.17-23. Kerimoglu, O., Straile, D. and Peeters, F. (2012). Role of Phytoplankton Cell size on the Competition for Nutrients and Light in incompletely Mixed Systems. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 300, pp.330-343.

Analysis Power of Computers Essay -- Computer Technology

Keywords- Family Similarity Recognition, Facial Feature Extraction, Face Detection, PCA, Image Database. I. INTRODUCTION Over the last thirty years or so, face recognition is an active research area in computer vision and one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding. Different algorithms have been proposed by researchers for solving this problem and many of them are considered as the state of the art. Nowadays, the face recognition problem is not only important in the research area, but it is vital in the commercial applications. A general statement of the face recognition problem can be formulated as follows: Given still or video images of a scene, identify or verify one or more persons in the scene using a stored database of faces. Due to this definition well-known algorithms such as PCA [24], ICA [1], LDA [28], EBGM [27], B... ... middle of paper ... ...e considered for it. For example, humans use terms such as "entire face of person A is similar to person B" or "eyes and eyebrows of person A are similar to person B" or "profile view of person A is similar to person B" to express the similarity criteria between people. With respect to these observations, three features are utilized in the proposed method include: "The Whole Face", "The Facial Features’ Perimeter" and "The Ratio between Facial Features". These features are selected from the frontal and side view images. The facial features’ perimeter includes forehead, eyebrows and eyes, nose, mouth, chin and cheek. The ratios between facial features’ point can be calculated from the distances that are evident in Figure 1. Utilizing ratio instead of distances between the facial features' point eliminates the dependency to the image scale. These ratios are as follow:

Juvenile Gangs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvenile Gangs - Research Paper Example Being raised in an economically depressed neighborhood can understandably lead youth persons to think that their lives are unimportant and thus want for a sense of identity. The social construction gangs offer provides juveniles with a sense of belonging, a particularly significant need for developing youths. In many neighborhoods, adolescents are actively recruited or are intimidated into becoming gang members and seemingly have little choice. â€Å"A few [teens] are virtually born into gangs as a result of neighborhood traditions and their parents’ earlier and perhaps continuing gang participation or involvement in criminal activity† (Moore, 1978). The gangs offer disenfranchised kids, who are undergoing feelings of isolation, a connection to a family-like atmosphere. Some of these youths are wavering between what they consider as their adopted and native cultures but feel a connection to neither. There are many reasons that youths join and remain loyal to gangs, all of which are complex and possibly incomprehensible to the general public. This discussion will briefly explain why juveniles join gangs then discuss gangs themselves, their motivations, general make-up, characteristics, and trends concerning street gang activity. There are numerous early factors that can lead juveniles to become gang members in addition to what might be the most obvious, living in abusive households. Poverty is another of the more significant factors. According to research conducted by the Children’s Defense Fund, nearly one fifth of all youths live below the poverty line in American cities. â€Å"Poor neighborhoods, especially ‘inner-city war zones’, generally have relatively high crime rates, unsatisfactory schools and unhealthy living conditions. They provide a child with few resources, negatively affect development and increase the chances a child will become violent† (â€Å"Rosado†, 2000, p. 15). Children who are subjected to t wo or more risk factors such as poverty and abuse, have a significantly higher risk factor of participating in criminal behavior and juvenile violence. Inner city ‘battle zones’, which have grown significantly in many of the country’s small to medium-sized towns in addition to the larger urban sections of major cities, are described as those areas in which most youths over 14 years old has attended the funeral of more than one friend, a very distinct definition, one that is difficult for most Americans to fully comprehend. (Garbarino, 1999, p. 40). Because youths living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are often ostracized from mainstream society due to their inability to afford similar material goods or the education that would afford them with the means to leave, many of these juveniles grow up under an umbrella of bitterness, anger and open contempt of the societal rules and government laws of the same society that rejected them. This circumstance makes it easie r for them to rationalize their own deviant behaviors because they are merely doing what they believe necessary so as to give themselves a chance at something beyond their present life condition, a chances they not offered elsewhere. Their perception of rejection by the society at large also instills an attitude of despair and hopelessness among youths who are already suffering from other unfavorable conditions, reinforcing the idea that life will likely always be this painful, empty

ELT1 Task 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELT1 Task 10 - Essay Example The assessment tools define the desired outcomes, measure achievement of outcomes, and use the results to improve performance. The tools state its role within an institutions overall mission. It then identifies the outcomes that it needs to meet and evaluates whether the outcomes are achieved. These tools define the technique that will assess if the criteria are met. The tool analyses and evaluates the data collected by specific method. Assessment tool creates and put into action improvement plans about the information gathered to assess the outcome. The tools also outline the effect its improvements have achieved in the quality of their goal. A tool such as running record and Rubric documents the outcome assessment. Therefore, assessment tools work best when attention is on outcomes as well as experiences that result in those outcomes. Therefore, the assessment tools are appropriate for providing outcome data. Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) is an appropriate assessment tool for monitoring progress, diagnosing reading skills of students and providing outcome data. This is because IRI assists in determining the reading weaknesses and strength of a student. Also, IRI enable teachers to know whether their students can read the texts in class or if the students require assistance or additional monitoring. Additionally, IRI helps the teacher to identify students struggling with decoding and comprehension with certain text materials. The IRI assessment tool will be better used by an individual student and in group assessment. This is because it builds teamwork among the students in class by using other tools of assessment. The retelling assessment tool is appropriate because it demonstrates what the student remembers and comprehends about any story. It reveals what the student sees as crucial about a story. Retelling also helps in indicating what the student knows about the literary language a nd structure of a text. Consequently,